Proxmox VE Administration Guide

A hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI) is especially useful for deployments in which a high infrastructure demand meets a low administration budget, for distributed setups such as remote and branch office environments or for virtual private and public clouds.

HCI provides the following advantages:

Proxmox VE has tightly integrated support for deploying a hyper-converged storage infrastructure. You can, for example, deploy and manage the following two storage technologies by using the Webinterface only:

Besides above, Proxmox VE has support to integrate a wide range of additional storage technologies. You can find out about them in the Storage Manager chapter.

The primary source of information is the Proxmox VE Wiki. It combines the reference documentation with user contributed content.

We always encourage our users to discuss and share their knowledge using the Proxmox VE Community Forum. The forum is moderated by the Proxmox support team. The large user base is spread out all over the world. Needless to say that such a large forum is a great place to get information.

This is a fast way to communicate with the Proxmox VE community via email.

Proxmox VE is fully open source and contributions are welcome! The primary communication channel for developers is the:

Proxmox Server Solutions GmbH also offers enterprise support available as Proxmox VE Subscription Service Plans. All users with a subscription get access to the Proxmox VE Enterprise Repository, and—with a Basic, Standard or Premium subscription—also to the Proxmox Customer Portal. The customer portal provides help and support with guaranteed response times from the Proxmox VE developers.

For volume discounts, or more information in general, please contact office@proxmox.com.

Proxmox runs a public bug tracker at https://bugzilla.proxmox.com. If an issue appears, file your report there. An issue can be a bug as well as a request for a new feature or enhancement. The bug tracker helps to keep track of the issue and will send a notification once it has been solved.

The language files are available as a git repository. If you are familiar with git, please contribute according to our Developer Documentation.

You can create a new translation by doing the following (replace <LANG> with the language ID):

Or you can edit an existing translation, using the editor of your choice:

Even if you are not familiar with git, you can help translate Proxmox VE. To start, you can download the language files here. Find the language you want to improve, then right click on the "raw" link of this language file and select Save Link As…. Make your changes to the file, and then send your final translation directly to office(at)proxmox.com, together with a signed contributor license agreement.

In order for the translation to be used in Proxmox VE, you must first translate the .po file into a .js file. You can do this by invoking the following script, which is located in the same repository:

The resulting file pve-lang-xx.js can then be copied to the directory /usr/share/pve-i18n, on your proxmox server, in order to test it out.

Alternatively, you can build a deb package by running the following command from the root of the repository:

You can send the finished translation (.po file) to the Proxmox team at the address office(at)proxmox.com, along with a signed contributor license agreement. Alternatively, if you have some developer experience, you can send it as a patch to the Proxmox VE development mailing list. See Developer Documentation.

These minimum requirements are for evaluation purposes only and should not be used in production.

To get an overview of the CPU and hard disk performance on an installed Proxmox VE system, run the included pveperf tool.

To access the web-based user interface, we recommend using one of the following browsers:

When accessed from a mobile device, Proxmox VE will show a lightweight, touch-based interface.

The flash drive needs to have at least 1 GB of storage available.

On Unix-like operating system use the dd command to copy the ISO image to the USB flash drive. First find the correct device name of the USB flash drive (see below). Then run the dd command.

Open the terminal (query Terminal in Spotlight).

Convert the .iso file to .img using the convert option of hdiutil for example.

To get the current list of devices run the command:

Now insert the USB flash drive and run this command again to determine which device node has been assigned to it. (e.g., /dev/diskX).

The installer creates a Volume Group (VG) called pve, and additional Logical Volumes (LVs) called root, data, and swap. To control the size of these volumes use:

The installer creates the ZFS pool rpool. No swap space is created but you can reserve some unpartitioned space on the install disks for swap. You can also create a swap zvol after the installation, although this can lead to problems. (see ZFS swap notes).

ZFS works best with a lot of memory. If you intend to use ZFS make sure to have enough RAM available for it. A good calculation is 4GB plus 1GB RAM for each TB RAW disk space.

ZFS can use a dedicated drive as write cache, called the ZFS Intent Log (ZIL). Use a fast drive (SSD) for it. It can be added after installation with the following command:

Repositories are a collection of software packages, they can be used to install new software, but are also important to get new updates.

APT Repositories are defined in the file /etc/apt/sources.list and in .list files placed in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/.

This is the default, stable, and recommended repository, available for all Proxmox VE subscription users. It contains the most stable packages and is suitable for production use. The pve-enterprise repository is enabled by default:

The root@pam user is notified via email about available updates. Click the Changelog button in the GUI to see more details about the selected update.

You need a valid subscription key to access the pve-enterprise repository. Different support levels are available. Further details can be found at https://www.proxmox.com/en/proxmox-ve/pricing.

This is the recommended repository for testing and non-production use. Its packages are not as heavily tested and validated. You don’t need a subscription key to access the pve-no-subscription repository.

We recommend to configure this repository in /etc/apt/sources.list.

This repository contains the latest packages and is primarily used by developers to test new features. To configure it, add the following line to etc/apt/sources.list:

This repository holds the main Proxmox VE Ceph Pacific packages. They are suitable for production. Use this repository if you run the Ceph client or a full Ceph cluster on Proxmox VE.

This Ceph repository contains the Ceph Pacific packages before they are moved to the main repository. It is used to test new Ceph releases on Proxmox VE.

This repository holds the main Proxmox VE Ceph Octopus packages. They are suitable for production. Use this repository if you run the Ceph client or a full Ceph cluster on Proxmox VE.

Note that on an older Proxmox VE 6.x you need to change bullseye to buster in the repository specification above.

This Ceph repository contains the Ceph packages before they are moved to the main repository. It is used to test new Ceph releases on Proxmox VE.

The Release files in the repositories are signed with GnuPG. APT is using these signatures to verify that all packages are from a trusted source.

If you install Proxmox VE from an official ISO image, the key for verification is already installed.

If you install Proxmox VE on top of Debian, download and install the key with the following commands:

Verify the checksum afterwards with the sha512sum CLI tool:

or the md5sum CLI tool:

Proxmox VE does not write changes directly to /etc/network/interfaces. Instead, we write into a temporary file called /etc/network/interfaces.new, this way you can do many related changes at once. This also allows to ensure your changes are correct before applying, as a wrong network configuration may render a node inaccessible.

We currently use the following naming conventions for device names:

This makes it easier to debug networks problems, because the device name implies the device type.

Depending on your current network organization and your resources you can choose either a bridged, routed, or masquerading networking setup.

Bridges are like physical network switches implemented in software. All virtual guests can share a single bridge, or you can create multiple bridges to separate network domains. Each host can have up to 4094 bridges.

The installation program creates a single bridge named vmbr0, which is connected to the first Ethernet card. The corresponding configuration in /etc/network/interfaces might look like this:

Virtual machines behave as if they were directly connected to the physical network. The network, in turn, sees each virtual machine as having its own MAC, even though there is only one network cable connecting all of these VMs to the network.

Most hosting providers do not support the above setup. For security reasons, they disable networking as soon as they detect multiple MAC addresses on a single interface.

You can avoid the problem by “routing” all traffic via a single interface. This makes sure that all network packets use the same MAC address.

A common scenario is that you have a public IP (assume 198.51.100.5 for this example), and an additional IP block for your VMs (203.0.113.16/28). We recommend the following setup for such situations:

Masquerading allows guests having only a private IP address to access the network by using the host IP address for outgoing traffic. Each outgoing packet is rewritten by iptables to appear as originating from the host, and responses are rewritten accordingly to be routed to the original sender.

Adding these lines in the /etc/network/interfaces can fix this problem:

For more information about this, refer to the following links:

Netfilter Packet Flow

Patch on netdev-list introducing conntrack zones

Blog post with a good explanation by using TRACE in the raw table

Bonding (also called NIC teaming or Link Aggregation) is a technique for binding multiple NIC’s to a single network device. It is possible to achieve different goals, like make the network fault-tolerant, increase the performance or both together.

High-speed hardware like Fibre Channel and the associated switching hardware can be quite expensive. By doing link aggregation, two NICs can appear as one logical interface, resulting in double speed. This is a native Linux kernel feature that is supported by most switches. If your nodes have multiple Ethernet ports, you can distribute your points of failure by running network cables to different switches and the bonded connection will failover to one cable or the other in case of network trouble.

Aggregated links can improve live-migration delays and improve the speed of replication of data between Proxmox VE Cluster nodes.

There are 7 modes for bonding:

If your switch support the LACP (IEEE 802.3ad) protocol then we recommend using the corresponding bonding mode (802.3ad). Otherwise you should generally use the active-backup mode.
If you intend to run your cluster network on the bonding interfaces, then you have to use active-passive mode on the bonding interfaces, other modes are unsupported.

The following bond configuration can be used as distributed/shared storage network. The benefit would be that you get more speed and the network will be fault-tolerant.

Another possibility it to use the bond directly as bridge port. This can be used to make the guest network fault-tolerant.

A virtual LAN (VLAN) is a broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in the network at layer two. So it is possible to have multiple networks (4096) in a physical network, each independent of the other ones.

Each VLAN network is identified by a number often called tag. Network packages are then tagged to identify which virtual network they belong to.

Proxmox VE works correctly in all environments, irrespective of whether IPv6 is deployed or not. We recommend leaving all settings at the provided defaults.

Should you still need to disable support for IPv6 on your node, do so by creating an appropriate sysctl.conf (5) snippet file and setting the proper sysctls, for example adding /etc/sysctl.d/disable-ipv6.conf with content:

This method is preferred to disabling the loading of the IPv6 module on the kernel commandline.

In some cases, it might be desired to use non-default NTP servers. For example, if your Proxmox VE nodes do not have access to the public internet due to restrictive firewall rules, you need to set up local NTP servers and tell the NTP daemon to use them.

The default port is set to 2003 and the default graphite path is proxmox.

By default, Proxmox VE sends the data over UDP, so the graphite server has to be configured to accept this. Here the maximum transmission unit (MTU) can be configured for environments not using the standard 1500 MTU.

You can also configure the plugin to use TCP. In order not to block the important pvestatd statistic collection daemon, a timeout is required to cope with network problems.

Proxmox VE sends the data over UDP, so the influxdb server has to be configured for this. The MTU can also be configured here, if necessary.

Here is an example configuration for influxdb (on your influxdb server):

With this configuration, your server listens on all IP addresses on port 8089, and writes the data in the proxmox database

Alternatively, the plugin can be configured to use the http(s) API of InfluxDB 2.x. InfluxDB 1.8.x does contain a forwards compatible API endpoint for this v2 API.

To use it, set influxdbproto to http or https (depending on your configuration). By default, Proxmox VE uses the organization proxmox and the bucket/db proxmox (They can be set with the configuration organization and bucket respectively).

Since InfluxDB’s v2 API is only available with authentication, you have to generate a token that can write into the correct bucket and set it.

In the v2 compatible API of 1.8.x, you can use user:password as token (if required), and can omit the organization since that has no meaning in InfluxDB 1.x.

You can also set the HTTP Timeout (default is 1s) with the timeout setting, as well as the maximum batch size (default 25000000 bytes) with the max-body-size setting (this corresponds to the InfluxDB setting with the same name).

We highly recommend to use a hardware RAID controller (with BBU) for such setups. This increases performance, provides redundancy, and make disk replacements easier (hot-pluggable).

LVM itself does not need any special hardware, and memory requirements are very low.

We install two boot loaders by default. The first partition contains the standard GRUB boot loader. The second partition is an EFI System Partition (ESP), which makes it possible to boot on EFI systems.

Let’s assume we have an empty disk /dev/sdb, onto which we want to create a volume group named “vmdata”.

First create a partition.

Create a Physical Volume (PV) without confirmation and 250K metadatasize.

Create a volume group named “vmdata” on /dev/sdb1

This can be easily done by creating a new thin LV.

A real world example:

Now a filesystem must be created on the LV.

At last this has to be mounted.

To make it always accessible add the following line in /etc/fstab.

Resize the LV and the metadata pool can be achieved with the following command.

A thin pool has to be created on top of a volume group. How to create a volume group see Section LVM.

ZFS depends heavily on memory, so you need at least 8GB to start. In practice, use as much as you can get for your hardware/budget. To prevent data corruption, we recommend the use of high quality ECC RAM.

If you use a dedicated cache and/or log disk, you should use an enterprise class SSD (e.g. Intel SSD DC S3700 Series). This can increase the overall performance significantly.

If you are experimenting with an installation of Proxmox VE inside a VM (Nested Virtualization), don’t use virtio for disks of that VM, as they are not supported by ZFS. Use IDE or SCSI instead (also works with the virtio SCSI controller type).

When you install using the Proxmox VE installer, you can choose ZFS for the root file system. You need to select the RAID type at installation time:

The installer automatically partitions the disks, creates a ZFS pool called rpool, and installs the root file system on the ZFS subvolume rpool/ROOT/pve-1.

Another subvolume called rpool/data is created to store VM images. In order to use that with the Proxmox VE tools, the installer creates the following configuration entry in /etc/pve/storage.cfg:

After installation, you can view your ZFS pool status using the zpool command:

The zfs command is used configure and manage your ZFS file systems. The following command lists all file systems after installation:

There are a few factors to take into consideration when choosing the layout of a ZFS pool. The basic building block of a ZFS pool is the virtual device, or vdev. All vdevs in a pool are used equally and the data is striped among them (RAID0). Check the zpool(8) manpage for more details on vdevs.

Proxmox VE uses proxmox-boot-tool to manage the bootloader configuration. See the chapter on Proxmox VE host bootloaders for details.

This section gives you some usage examples for common tasks. ZFS itself is really powerful and provides many options. The main commands to manage ZFS are zfs and zpool. Both commands come with great manual pages, which can be read with:

ZFS comes with an event daemon, which monitors events generated by the ZFS kernel module. The daemon can also send emails on ZFS events like pool errors. Newer ZFS packages ship the daemon in a separate package, and you can install it using apt-get:

To activate the daemon it is necessary to edit /etc/zfs/zed.d/zed.rc with your favorite editor, and uncomment the ZED_EMAIL_ADDR setting:

Please note Proxmox VE forwards mails to root to the email address configured for the root user.

ZFS uses 50 % of the host memory for the Adaptive Replacement Cache (ARC) by default. Allocating enough memory for the ARC is crucial for IO performance, so reduce it with caution. As a general rule of thumb, allocate at least 2 GiB Base + 1 GiB/TiB-Storage. For example, if you have a pool with 8 TiB of available storage space then you should use 10 GiB of memory for the ARC.

You can change the ARC usage limit for the current boot (a reboot resets this change again) by writing to the zfs_arc_max module parameter directly:

To permanently change the ARC limits, add the following line to /etc/modprobe.d/zfs.conf:

This example setting limits the usage to 8 GiB (8 * 2³⁰).

This example setting (temporarily) limits the usage to 8 GiB (8 * 2³⁰) on systems with more than 256 GiB of total memory, where simply setting zfs_arc_max alone would not work.

Swap-space created on a zvol may generate some troubles, like blocking the server or generating a high IO load, often seen when starting a Backup to an external Storage.

We strongly recommend to use enough memory, so that you normally do not run into low memory situations. Should you need or want to add swap, it is preferred to create a partition on a physical disk and use it as a swap device. You can leave some space free for this purpose in the advanced options of the installer. Additionally, you can lower the “swappiness” value. A good value for servers is 10:

To make the swappiness persistent, open /etc/sysctl.conf with an editor of your choice and add the following line:

ZFS on Linux version 0.8.0 introduced support for native encryption of datasets. After an upgrade from previous ZFS on Linux versions, the encryption feature can be enabled per pool:

Encryption needs to be setup when creating datasets/zvols, and is inherited by default to child datasets. For example, to create an encrypted dataset tank/encrypted_data and configure it as storage in Proxmox VE, run the following commands:

All guest volumes/disks create on this storage will be encrypted with the shared key material of the parent dataset.

To actually use the storage, the associated key material needs to be loaded and the dataset needs to be mounted. This can be done in one step with:

It is also possible to use a (random) keyfile instead of prompting for a passphrase by setting the keylocation and keyformat properties, either at creation time or with zfs change-key on existing datasets:

A guest volume created underneath an encrypted dataset will have its encryptionroot property set accordingly. The key material only needs to be loaded once per encryptionroot to be available to all encrypted datasets underneath it.

See the encryptionroot, encryption, keylocation, keyformat and keystatus properties, the zfs load-key, zfs unload-key and zfs change-key commands and the Encryption section from man zfs for more details and advanced usage.

When compression is enabled on a dataset, ZFS tries to compress all new blocks before writing them and decompresses them on reading. Already existing data will not be compressed retroactively.

You can enable compression with:

We recommend using the lz4 algorithm, because it adds very little CPU overhead. Other algorithms like lzjb and gzip-N, where N is an integer from 1 (fastest) to 9 (best compression ratio), are also available. Depending on the algorithm and how compressible the data is, having compression enabled can even increase I/O performance.

You can disable compression at any time with:

Again, only new blocks will be affected by this change.

Since version 0.8.0 ZFS supports special devices. A special device in a pool is used to store metadata, deduplication tables, and optionally small file blocks.

A special device can improve the speed of a pool consisting of slow spinning hard disks with a lot of metadata changes. For example workloads that involve creating, updating or deleting a large number of files will benefit from the presence of a special device. ZFS datasets can also be configured to store whole small files on the special device which can further improve the performance. Use fast SSDs for the special device.

ZFS datasets expose the special_small_blocks=<size> property. size can be 0 to disable storing small file blocks on the special device or a power of two in the range between 512B to 128K. After setting the property new file blocks smaller than size will be allocated on the special device.

Setting the special_small_blocks property on a pool will change the default value of that property for all child ZFS datasets (for example all containers in the pool will opt in for small file blocks).

Changes to the on-disk format in ZFS are only made between major version changes and are specified through features. All features, as well as the general mechanism are well documented in the zpool-features(5) manpage.

Since enabling new features can render a pool not importable by an older version of ZFS, this needs to be done actively by the administrator, by running zpool upgrade on the pool (see the zpool-upgrade(8) manpage).

Unless you need to use one of the new features, there is no upside to enabling them.

In fact, there are some downsides to enabling new features:

When you install using the Proxmox VE installer, you can choose BTRFS for the root file system. You need to select the RAID type at installation time:

The installer automatically partitions the disks and creates an additional subvolume at /var/lib/pve/local-btrfs. In order to use that with the Proxmox VE tools, the installer creates the following configuration entry in /etc/pve/storage.cfg:

This explicitly disables the default local storage in favor of a btrfs specific storage entry on the additional subvolume.

The btrfs command is used to configure and manage the btrfs file system, After the installation, the following command lists all additional subvolumes:

This section gives you some usage examples for common tasks.

Wake-on-LAN (WoL) allows you to switch on a sleeping computer in the network, by sending a magic packet. At least one NIC must support this feature, and the respective option needs to be enabled in the computer’s firmware (BIOS/UEFI) configuration. The option name can vary from Enable Wake-on-Lan to Power On By PCIE Device; check your motherboard’s vendor manual, if you’re unsure. ethtool can be used to check the WoL configuration of <interface> by running:

pvenode allows you to wake sleeping members of a cluster via WoL, using the command:

This broadcasts the WoL magic packet on UDP port 9, containing the MAC address of <node> obtained from the wakeonlan property. The node-specific wakeonlan property can be set using the following command:

When troubleshooting server issues, for example, failed backup jobs, it can often be helpful to have a log of the previously run tasks. With Proxmox VE, you can access the nodes’s task history through the pvenode task command.

You can get a filtered list of a node’s finished tasks with the list subcommand. For example, to get a list of tasks related to VM 100 that ended with an error, the command would be:

The log of a task can then be printed using its UPID:

In case you have many VMs/containers, starting and stopping guests can be carried out in bulk operations with the startall and stopall subcommands of pvenode. By default, pvenode startall will only start VMs/containers which have been set to automatically start on boot (see Automatic Start and Shutdown of Virtual Machines), however, you can override this behavior with the --force flag. Both commands also have a --vms option, which limits the stopped/started guests to the specified VMIDs.

For example, to start VMs 100, 101, and 102, regardless of whether they have onboot set, you can use:

To stop these guests (and any other guests that may be running), use the command:

In case your VMs/containers rely on slow-to-start external resources, for example an NFS server, you can also set a per-node delay between the time Proxmox VE boots and the time the first VM/container that is configured to autostart boots (see Automatic Start and Shutdown of Virtual Machines).

You can achieve this by setting the following (where 10 represents the delay in seconds):

In case an upgrade situation requires you to migrate all of your guests from one node to another, pvenode also offers the migrateall subcommand for bulk migration. By default, this command will migrate every guest on the system to the target node. It can however be set to only migrate a set of guests.

For example, to migrate VMs 100, 101, and 102, to the node pve2, with live-migration for local disks enabled, you can run:

Each Proxmox VE cluster creates by default its own (self-signed) Certificate Authority (CA) and generates a certificate for each node which gets signed by the aforementioned CA. These certificates are used for encrypted communication with the cluster’s pveproxy service and the Shell/Console feature if SPICE is used.

The CA certificate and key are stored in the Proxmox Cluster File System (pmxcfs).

The REST API and web GUI are provided by the pveproxy service, which runs on each node.

You have the following options for the certificate used by pveproxy:

For options 2 and 3 the file /etc/pve/local/pveproxy-ssl.pem (and /etc/pve/local/pveproxy-ssl.key, which needs to be without password) is used.

Certificates are managed with the Proxmox VE Node management command (see the pvenode(1) manpage).

If you already have a certificate which you want to use for a Proxmox VE node you can upload that certificate simply over the web interface.

Note that the certificates key file, if provided, mustn’t be password protected.

Proxmox VE includes an implementation of the Automatic Certificate Management Environment ACME protocol, allowing Proxmox VE admins to use an ACME provider like Let’s Encrypt for easy setup of TLS certificates which are accepted and trusted on modern operating systems and web browsers out of the box.

Currently, the two ACME endpoints implemented are the Let’s Encrypt (LE) production and its staging environment. Our ACME client supports validation of http-01 challenges using a built-in web server and validation of dns-01 challenges using a DNS plugin supporting all the DNS API endpoints acme.sh does.

There is always an implicitly configured standalone plugin for validating http-01 challenges via the built-in webserver spawned on port 80.

There are a few prerequisites to use it for certificate management with Let’s Encrypts ACME.

On systems where external access for validation via the http-01 method is not possible or desired, it is possible to use the dns-01 validation method. This validation method requires a DNS server that allows provisioning of TXT records via an API.

If a node has been successfully configured with an ACME-provided certificate (either via pvenode or via the GUI), the certificate will be automatically renewed by the pve-daily-update.service. Currently, renewal will be attempted if the certificate has expired already, or will expire in the next 30 days.

The Proxmox VE installer creates 3 partitions on all disks selected for installation.

The created partitions are:

Systems using ZFS as root filesystem are booted with a kernel and initrd image stored on the 512 MB EFI System Partition. For legacy BIOS systems, grub is used, for EFI systems systemd-boot is used. Both are installed and configured to point to the ESPs.

grub in BIOS mode (--target i386-pc) is installed onto the BIOS Boot Partition of all selected disks on all systems booted with grub [5].

proxmox-boot-tool is a utility used to keep the contents of the EFI System Partitions properly configured and synchronized. It copies certain kernel versions to all ESPs and configures the respective bootloader to boot from the vfat formatted ESPs. In the context of ZFS as root filesystem this means that you can use all optional features on your root pool instead of the subset which is also present in the ZFS implementation in grub or having to create a separate small boot-pool [6].

In setups with redundancy all disks are partitioned with an ESP, by the installer. This ensures the system boots even if the first boot device fails or if the BIOS can only boot from a particular disk.

The ESPs are not kept mounted during regular operation. This helps to prevent filesystem corruption to the vfat formatted ESPs in case of a system crash, and removes the need to manually adapt /etc/fstab in case the primary boot device fails.

proxmox-boot-tool handles the following tasks:

You can view the currently configured ESPs and their state by running:

To format and initialize a partition as synced ESP, e.g., after replacing a failed vdev in an rpool, or when converting an existing system that pre-dates the sync mechanism, proxmox-boot-tool from pve-kernel-helpers can be used.

For example, to format an empty partition /dev/sda2 as ESP, run the following:

To setup an existing, unmounted ESP located on /dev/sda2 for inclusion in Proxmox VE’s kernel update synchronization mechanism, use the following:

Afterwards /etc/kernel/proxmox-boot-uuids should contain a new line with the UUID of the newly added partition. The init command will also automatically trigger a refresh of all configured ESPs.

To copy and configure all bootable kernels and keep all ESPs listed in /etc/kernel/proxmox-boot-uuids in sync you just need to run:

(The equivalent to running update-grub systems with ext4 or xfs on root).

This is necessary should you make changes to the kernel commandline, or want to sync all kernels and initrds.

The following kernel versions are configured by default:

Should you wish to add a certain kernel and initrd image to the list of bootable kernels use proxmox-boot-tool kernel add.

For example run the following to add the kernel with ABI version 5.0.15-1-pve to the list of kernels to keep installed and synced to all ESPs:

proxmox-boot-tool kernel list will list all kernel versions currently selected for booting:

Run proxmox-boot-tool kernel remove to remove a kernel from the list of manually selected kernels, for example:

The simplest and most reliable way to determine which bootloader is used, is to watch the boot process of the Proxmox VE node.

You will either see the blue box of grub or the simple black on white systemd-boot.

Determining the bootloader from a running system might not be 100% accurate. The safest way is to run the following command:

If it returns a message that EFI variables are not supported, grub is used in BIOS/Legacy mode.

If the output contains a line that looks similar to the following, grub is used in UEFI mode.

If the output contains a line similar to the following, systemd-boot is used.

By running:

you can find out if proxmox-boot-tool is configured, which is a good indication of how the system is booted.

grub has been the de-facto standard for booting Linux systems for many years and is quite well documented [7].

systemd-boot is a lightweight EFI bootloader. It reads the kernel and initrd images directly from the EFI Service Partition (ESP) where it is installed. The main advantage of directly loading the kernel from the ESP is that it does not need to reimplement the drivers for accessing the storage. In Proxmox VE proxmox-boot-tool is used to keep the configuration on the ESPs synchronized.

You can modify the kernel commandline in the following places, depending on the bootloader used:

The kernel commandline needs to be placed in the variable GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT in the file /etc/default/grub. Running update-grub appends its content to all linux entries in /boot/grub/grub.cfg.

The kernel commandline needs to be placed as one line in /etc/kernel/cmdline. To apply your changes, run proxmox-boot-tool refresh, which sets it as the option line for all config files in loader/entries/proxmox-*.conf.

On the top left side, the first thing you see is the Proxmox logo. Next to it is the current running version of Proxmox VE. In the search bar nearside you can search for specific objects (VMs, containers, nodes, …). This is sometimes faster than selecting an object in the resource tree.

To the right of the search bar we see the identity (login name). The gear symbol is a button opening the My Settings dialog. There you can customize some client side user interface setting (reset the saved login name, reset saved layout).

The rightmost part of the header contains four buttons:

The My Settings window allows you to set locally stored settings. These include the Dashboard Storages which allow you to enable or disable specific storages to be counted towards the total amount visible in the datacenter summary. If no storage is checked the total is the sum of all storages, same as enabling every single one.

Below the dashboard settings you find the stored user name and a button to clear it as well as a button to reset every layout in the GUI to its default.

On the right side there are xterm.js Settings. These contain the following options:

This is the main navigation tree. On top of the tree you can select some predefined views, which change the structure of the tree below. The default view is the Server View, and it shows the following object types:

The following view types are available:

The main purpose of the log panel is to show you what is currently going on in your cluster. Actions like creating an new VM are executed in the background, and we call such a background job a task.

Any output from such a task is saved into a separate log file. You can view that log by simply double-click a task log entry. It is also possible to abort a running task there.

Please note that we display the most recent tasks from all cluster nodes here. So you can see when somebody else is working on another cluster node in real-time.

Some short-running actions simply send logs to all cluster members. You can see those messages in the Cluster log panel.

On the datacenter level, you can access cluster-wide settings and information.

Nodes in your cluster can be managed individually at this level.

The top header has useful buttons such as Reboot, Shutdown, Shell, Bulk Actions and Help. Shell has the options noVNC, SPICE and xterm.js. Bulk Actions has the options Bulk Start, Bulk Stop and Bulk Migrate.

There are two different kinds of guests and both can be converted to a template. One of them is a Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) and the other is a Linux Container (LXC). Navigation for these are mostly the same; only some options are different.

To access the various guest management interfaces, select a VM or container from the menu on the left.

The header contains commands for items such as power management, migration, console access and type, cloning, HA, and help. Some of these buttons contain drop-down menus, for example, Shutdown also contains other power options, and Console contains the different console types: SPICE, noVNC and xterm.js.

The panel on the right contains an interface for whatever item is selected from the menu on the left.

The available interfaces are as follows.

As with the guest interface, the interface for storage consists of a menu on the left for certain storage elements and an interface on the right to manage these elements.

In this view we have a two partition split-view. On the left side we have the storage options and on the right side the content of the selected option will be shown.

Again, the pools view comprises two partitions: a menu on the left, and the corresponding interfaces for each menu item on the right.

Under Datacenter → Cluster, click on Create Cluster. Enter the cluster name and select a network connection from the drop-down list to serve as the main cluster network (Link 0). It defaults to the IP resolved via the node’s hostname.

As of Proxmox VE 6.2, up to 8 fallback links can be added to a cluster. To add a redundant link, click the Add button and select a link number and IP address from the respective fields. Prior to Proxmox VE 6.2, to add a second link as fallback, you can select the Advanced checkbox and choose an additional network interface (Link 1, see also Corosync Redundancy).

Login via ssh to the first Proxmox VE node and run the following command:

To check the state of the new cluster use:

It is possible to create multiple clusters in the same physical or logical network. In this case, each cluster must have a unique name to avoid possible clashes in the cluster communication stack. Furthermore, this helps avoid human confusion by making clusters clearly distinguishable.

While the bandwidth requirement of a corosync cluster is relatively low, the latency of packages and the package per second (PPS) rate is the limiting factor. Different clusters in the same network can compete with each other for these resources, so it may still make sense to use separate physical network infrastructure for bigger clusters.

Log in to the web interface on an existing cluster node. Under Datacenter → Cluster, click the Join Information button at the top. Then, click on the button Copy Information. Alternatively, copy the string from the Information field manually.

Next, log in to the web interface on the node you want to add. Under Datacenter → Cluster, click on Join Cluster. Fill in the Information field with the Join Information text you copied earlier. Most settings required for joining the cluster will be filled out automatically. For security reasons, the cluster password has to be entered manually.

After clicking the Join button, the cluster join process will start immediately. After the node has joined the cluster, its current node certificate will be replaced by one signed from the cluster certificate authority (CA). This means that the current session will stop working after a few seconds. You then might need to force-reload the web interface and log in again with the cluster credentials.

Now your node should be visible under Datacenter → Cluster.

Log in to the node you want to join into an existing cluster via ssh.

For IP-ADDRESS-CLUSTER, use the IP or hostname of an existing cluster node. An IP address is recommended (see Link Address Types).

To check the state of the cluster use:

If you only want a list of all nodes, use:

When adding a node to a cluster with a separated cluster network, you need to use the link0 parameter to set the nodes address on that network:

If you want to use the built-in redundancy of the Kronosnet transport layer, also use the link1 parameter.

Using the GUI, you can select the correct interface from the corresponding Link X fields in the Cluster Join dialog.

You can also separate a node from a cluster without reinstalling it from scratch. But after removing the node from the cluster, it will still have access to any shared storage. This must be resolved before you start removing the node from the cluster. A Proxmox VE cluster cannot share the exact same storage with another cluster, as storage locking doesn’t work over the cluster boundary. Furthermore, it may also lead to VMID conflicts.

It’s suggested that you create a new storage, where only the node which you want to separate has access. This can be a new export on your NFS or a new Ceph pool, to name a few examples. It’s just important that the exact same storage does not get accessed by multiple clusters. After setting up this storage, move all data and VMs from the node to it. Then you are ready to separate the node from the cluster.

First, stop the corosync and pve-cluster services on the node:

Start the cluster file system again in local mode:

Delete the corosync configuration files:

You can now start the file system again as a normal service:

The node is now separated from the cluster. You can deleted it from any remaining node of the cluster with:

If the command fails due to a loss of quorum in the remaining node, you can set the expected votes to 1 as a workaround:

And then repeat the pvecm delnode command.

Now switch back to the separated node and delete all the remaining cluster files on it. This ensures that the node can be added to another cluster again without problems.

As the configuration files from the other nodes are still in the cluster file system, you may want to clean those up too. After making absolutely sure that you have the correct node name, you can simply remove the entire directory recursively from /etc/pve/nodes/NODENAME.

This needs a reliable network with latencies under 2 milliseconds (LAN performance) to work properly. The network should not be used heavily by other members; ideally corosync runs on its own network. Do not use a shared network for corosync and storage (except as a potential low-priority fallback in a redundant configuration).

Before setting up a cluster, it is good practice to check if the network is fit for that purpose. To ensure that the nodes can connect to each other on the cluster network, you can test the connectivity between them with the ping tool.

If the Proxmox VE firewall is enabled, ACCEPT rules for corosync will automatically be generated - no manual action is required.

When creating a cluster without any parameters, the corosync cluster network is generally shared with the web interface and the VMs' network. Depending on your setup, even storage traffic may get sent over the same network. It’s recommended to change that, as corosync is a time-critical, real-time application.

A corosync link address (for backwards compatibility denoted by ringX_addr in corosync.conf) can be specified in two ways:

A separate, static hostname specifically for corosync is recommended, if hostnames are preferred. Also, make sure that every node in the cluster can resolve all hostnames correctly.

Since Proxmox VE 5.1, while supported, hostnames will be resolved at the time of entry. Only the resolved IP is saved to the configuration.

Nodes that joined the cluster on earlier versions likely still use their unresolved hostname in corosync.conf. It might be a good idea to replace them with IPs or a separate hostname, as mentioned above.

To add a new link to a running configuration, first check how to edit the corosync.conf file.

Then, add a new ringX_addr to every node in the nodelist section. Make sure that your X is the same for every node you add it to, and that it is unique for each node.

Lastly, add a new interface, as shown below, to your totem section, replacing X with the link number chosen above.

Assuming you added a link with number 1, the new configuration file could look like this:

The new link will be enabled as soon as you follow the last steps to edit the corosync.conf file. A restart should not be necessary. You can check that corosync loaded the new link using:

It might be a good idea to test the new link by temporarily disconnecting the old link on one node and making sure that its status remains online while disconnected:

If you see a healthy cluster state, it means that your new link is being used.

The Corosync Quorum Device (QDevice) is a daemon which runs on each cluster node. It provides a configured number of votes to the cluster’s quorum subsystem, based on an externally running third-party arbitrator’s decision. Its primary use is to allow a cluster to sustain more node failures than standard quorum rules allow. This can be done safely as the external device can see all nodes and thus choose only one set of nodes to give its vote. This will only be done if said set of nodes can have quorum (again) after receiving the third-party vote.

Currently, only QDevice Net is supported as a third-party arbitrator. This is a daemon which provides a vote to a cluster partition, if it can reach the partition members over the network. It will only give votes to one partition of a cluster at any time. It’s designed to support multiple clusters and is almost configuration and state free. New clusters are handled dynamically and no configuration file is needed on the host running a QDevice.

The only requirements for the external host are that it needs network access to the cluster and to have a corosync-qnetd package available. We provide a package for Debian based hosts, and other Linux distributions should also have a package available through their respective package manager.

We support QDevices for clusters with an even number of nodes and recommend it for 2 node clusters, if they should provide higher availability. For clusters with an odd node count, we currently discourage the use of QDevices. The reason for this is the difference in the votes which the QDevice provides for each cluster type. Even numbered clusters get a single additional vote, which only increases availability, because if the QDevice itself fails, you are in the same position as with no QDevice at all.

On the other hand, with an odd numbered cluster size, the QDevice provides (N-1) votes — where N corresponds to the cluster node count. This alternative behavior makes sense; if it had only one additional vote, the cluster could get into a split-brain situation. This algorithm allows for all nodes but one (and naturally the QDevice itself) to fail. However, there are two drawbacks to this:

If you understand the drawbacks and implications, you can decide yourself if you want to use this technology in an odd numbered cluster setup.

We recommend running any daemon which provides votes to corosync-qdevice as an unprivileged user. Proxmox VE and Debian provide a package which is already configured to do so. The traffic between the daemon and the cluster must be encrypted to ensure a safe and secure integration of the QDevice in Proxmox VE.

First, install the corosync-qnetd package on your external server

and the corosync-qdevice package on all cluster nodes

After doing this, ensure that all the nodes in the cluster are online.

You can now set up your QDevice by running the following command on one of the Proxmox VE nodes:

The SSH key from the cluster will be automatically copied to the QDevice.

After you enter the password and all the steps have successfully completed, you will see "Done". You can verify that the QDevice has been set up with:

Editing the corosync.conf file is not always very straightforward. There are two on each cluster node, one in /etc/pve/corosync.conf and the other in /etc/corosync/corosync.conf. Editing the one in our cluster file system will propagate the changes to the local one, but not vice versa.

The configuration will get updated automatically, as soon as the file changes. This means that changes which can be integrated in a running corosync will take effect immediately. Thus, you should always make a copy and edit that instead, to avoid triggering unintended changes when saving the file while editing.

Then, open the config file with your favorite editor, such as nano or vim.tiny, which come pre-installed on every Proxmox VE node.

After making the necessary changes, create another copy of the current working configuration file. This serves as a backup if the new configuration fails to apply or causes other issues.

Then replace the old configuration file with the new one:

You can check if the changes could be applied automatically, using the following commands:

If the changes could not be applied automatically, you may have to restart the corosync service via:

On errors, check the troubleshooting section below.

The migration type defines if the migration data should be sent over an encrypted (secure) channel or an unencrypted (insecure) one. Setting the migration type to insecure means that the RAM content of a virtual guest is also transferred unencrypted, which can lead to information disclosure of critical data from inside the guest (for example, passwords or encryption keys).

Therefore, we strongly recommend using the secure channel if you do not have full control over the network and can not guarantee that no one is eavesdropping on it.

Encryption requires a lot of computing power, so this setting is often changed to "unsafe" to achieve better performance. The impact on modern systems is lower because they implement AES encryption in hardware. The performance impact is particularly evident in fast networks, where you can transfer 10 Gbps or more.

By default, Proxmox VE uses the network in which cluster communication takes place to send the migration traffic. This is not optimal both because sensitive cluster traffic can be disrupted and this network may not have the best bandwidth available on the node.

Setting the migration network parameter allows the use of a dedicated network for all migration traffic. In addition to the memory, this also affects the storage traffic for offline migrations.

The migration network is set as a network using CIDR notation. This has the advantage that you don’t have to set individual IP addresses for each node. Proxmox VE can determine the real address on the destination node from the network specified in the CIDR form. To enable this, the network must be specified so that each node has exactly one IP in the respective network.

Certain directories within the cluster file system use symbolic links, in order to point to a node’s own configuration files. Thus, the files pointed to in the table below refer to different files on each node of the cluster.

You can enable verbose syslog messages with:

And disable verbose syslog messages with:

The recommended way is to reinstall the node after you remove it from your cluster. This ensures that all secret cluster/ssh keys and any shared configuration data is destroyed.

In some cases, you might prefer to put a node back to local mode without reinstalling, which is described in Separate A Node Without Reinstalling

For the guest configuration files in nodes/<NAME>/qemu-server/ (VMs) and nodes/<NAME>/lxc/ (containers), Proxmox VE sees the containing node <NAME> as the owner of the respective guest. This concept enables the usage of local locks instead of expensive cluster-wide locks for preventing concurrent guest configuration changes.

As a consequence, if the owning node of a guest fails (for example, due to a power outage, fencing event, etc.), a regular migration is not possible (even if all the disks are located on shared storage), because such a local lock on the (offline) owning node is unobtainable. This is not a problem for HA-managed guests, as Proxmox VE’s High Availability stack includes the necessary (cluster-wide) locking and watchdog functionality to ensure correct and automatic recovery of guests from fenced nodes.

If a non-HA-managed guest has only shared disks (and no other local resources which are only available on the failed node), a manual recovery is possible by simply moving the guest configuration file from the failed node’s directory in /etc/pve/ to an online node’s directory (which changes the logical owner or location of the guest).

For example, recovering the VM with ID 100 from an offline node1 to another node node2 works by running the following command as root on any member node of the cluster:

A number of storages, and the Qemu image format qcow2, support thin provisioning. With thin provisioning activated, only the blocks that the guest system actually use will be written to the storage.

Say for instance you create a VM with a 32GB hard disk, and after installing the guest system OS, the root file system of the VM contains 3 GB of data. In that case only 3GB are written to the storage, even if the guest VM sees a 32GB hard drive. In this way thin provisioning allows you to create disk images which are larger than the currently available storage blocks. You can create large disk images for your VMs, and when the need arises, add more disks to your storage without resizing the VMs' file systems.

All storage types which have the “Snapshots” feature also support thin provisioning.

Each storage pool has a <type>, and is uniquely identified by its <STORAGE_ID>. A pool configuration looks like this:

The <type>: <STORAGE_ID> line starts the pool definition, which is then followed by a list of properties. Most properties require a value. Some have reasonable defaults, in which case you can omit the value.

To be more specific, take a look at the default storage configuration after installation. It contains one special local storage pool named local, which refers to the directory /var/lib/vz and is always available. The Proxmox VE installer creates additional storage entries depending on the storage type chosen at installation time.

A few storage properties are common among different storage types.

There exists an ownership relation for image type volumes. Each such volume is owned by a VM or Container. For example volume local:230/example-image.raw is owned by VM 230. Most storage backends encodes this ownership information into the volume name.

When you remove a VM or Container, the system also removes all associated volumes which are owned by that VM or Container.

Add storage pools

Disable storage pools

Enable storage pools

Change/set storage options

Remove storage pools. This does not delete any data, and does not disconnect or unmount anything. It just removes the storage configuration.

Allocate volumes

Allocate a 4G volume in local storage. The name is auto-generated if you pass an empty string as <name>

Free volumes

List storage status

List storage contents

List volumes allocated by VMID

List iso images

List container templates

Show file system path for a volume

Exporting the volume local:103/vm-103-disk-0.qcow2 to the file target. This is mostly used internally with pvesm import. The stream format qcow2+size is different to the qcow2 format. Consequently, the exported file cannot simply be attached to a VM. This also holds for the other formats.

This backend supports all common storage properties, and adds an additional property called path to specify the directory. This needs to be an absolute file system path.

Above configuration defines a storage pool called backup. That pool can be used to store up to 7 backups (maxfiles 7) per VM. The real path for the backup files is /mnt/backup/dump/....

This backend uses a well defined naming scheme for VM images:

When you create a VM template, all VM images are renamed to indicate that they are now read-only, and can be used as a base image for clones:

As mentioned above, most file systems do not support snapshots out of the box. To workaround that problem, this backend is able to use qcow2 internal snapshot capabilities.

Same applies to clones. The backend uses the qcow2 base image feature to create clones.

Please use the following command to allocate a 4GB image on storage local:

The real file system path is shown with:

And you can remove the image with:

The backend supports all common storage properties, except the shared flag, which is always set. Additionally, the following properties are used to configure the NFS server:

You can also set NFS mount options:

NFS does not support snapshots, but the backend uses qcow2 features to implement snapshots and cloning.

You can get a list of exported NFS shares with:

The backend supports all common storage properties, except the shared flag, which is always set. Additionally, the following CIFS special properties are available:

CIFS does not support snapshots on a storage level. But you may use qcow2 backing files if you still want to have snapshots and cloning features available.

You can get a list of exported CIFS shares with:

Then you could add this share as a storage to the whole Proxmox VE cluster with:

The backend supports all common storage properties, except the shared flag, which is always set. Additionally, the following special properties to Proxmox Backup Server are available:

Proxmox Backup Server only supports backups, they can be block-level or file-level based. Proxmox VE uses block-level for virtual machines and file-level for container.

Optionally, you can configure client-side encryption with AES-256 in GCM mode. Encryption can be configured either via the web interface, or on the CLI with the encryption-key option (see above). The key will be saved in the file /etc/pve/priv/storage/<STORAGE-ID>.enc, which is only accessible by the root user.

It is recommended that you keep your key safe, but easily accessible, in order for quick disaster recovery. For this reason, the best place to store it is in your password manager, where it is immediately recoverable. As a backup to this, you should also save the key to a USB drive and store that in a secure place. This way, it is detached from any system, but is still easy to recover from, in case of emergency. Finally, in preparation for the worst case scenario, you should also consider keeping a paper copy of your key locked away in a safe place. The paperkey subcommand can be used to create a QR encoded version of your key. The following command sends the output of the paperkey command to a text file, for easy printing.

Additionally, it is possible to use a single RSA master key pair for key recovery purposes: configure all clients doing encrypted backups to use a single public master key, and all subsequent encrypted backups will contain a RSA-encrypted copy of the used AES encryption key. The corresponding private master key allows recovering the AES key and decrypting the backup even if the client system is no longer available.

Because the encryption is managed on the client side, you can use the same datastore on the server for unencrypted backups and encrypted backups, even if they are encrypted with different keys. However, deduplication between backups with different keys is not possible, so it is often better to create separate datastores.

Then you could add this share as a storage to the whole Proxmox VE cluster with:

The backend supports all common storage properties, and adds the following GlusterFS specific options:

The directory layout and the file naming conventions are inherited from the dir backend.

The storage provides a file level interface, but no native snapshot/clone implementation.

The backend supports the common storage properties content, nodes, disable, and the following ZFS specific properties:

The backend uses the following naming scheme for VM images:

ZFS is probably the most advanced storage type regarding snapshot and cloning. The backend uses ZFS datasets for both VM images (format raw) and container data (format subvol). ZFS properties are inherited from the parent dataset, so you can simply set defaults on the parent dataset.

It is recommended to create an extra ZFS file system to store your VM images:

To enable compression on that newly allocated file system:

You can get a list of available ZFS filesystems with:

The LVM backend supports the common storage properties content, nodes, disable, and the following LVM specific properties:

The backend use basically the same naming conventions as the ZFS pool backend.

LVM is a typical block storage, but this backend does not support snapshots and clones. Unfortunately, normal LVM snapshots are quite inefficient, because they interfere with all writes on the entire volume group during snapshot time.

One big advantage is that you can use it on top of a shared storage, for example, an iSCSI LUN. The backend itself implements proper cluster-wide locking.

List available volume groups:

The LVM thin backend supports the common storage properties content, nodes, disable, and the following LVM specific properties:

The backend use basically the same naming conventions as the ZFS pool backend.

LVM thin is a block storage, but fully supports snapshots and clones efficiently. New volumes are automatically initialized with zero.

It must be mentioned that LVM thin pools cannot be shared across multiple nodes, so you can only use them as local storage.

List available LVM thin pools on volume group pve:

The backend supports the common storage properties content, nodes, disable, and the following iSCSI specific properties:

The iSCSI protocol does not define an interface to allocate or delete data. Instead, that needs to be done on the target side and is vendor specific. The target simply exports them as numbered LUNs. So Proxmox VE iSCSI volume names just encodes some information about the LUN as seen by the linux kernel.

iSCSI is a block level type storage, and provides no management interface. So it is usually best to export one big LUN, and setup LVM on top of that LUN. You can then use the LVM plugin to manage the storage on that iSCSI LUN.

Scan a remote iSCSI portal, and returns a list of possible targets:

The user mode iSCSI backend uses the same configuration options as the Open-iSCSI backed.

This backend supports the common storage properties nodes, disable, content, and the following rbd specific properties:

If you use cephx authentication, you need to copy the keyfile from your external Ceph cluster to a Proxmox VE host.

Create the directory /etc/pve/priv/ceph with

Then copy the keyring

The keyring must be named to match your <STORAGE_ID>. Copying the keyring generally requires root privileges.

If Ceph is installed locally on the PVE cluster, this is done automatically by pveceph or in the GUI.

The rbd backend is a block level storage, and implements full snapshot and clone functionality.

This backend supports the common storage properties nodes, disable, content, as well as the following cephfs specific properties:

If you use cephx authentication, which is enabled by default, you need to copy the secret from your external Ceph cluster to a Proxmox VE host.

Create the directory /etc/pve/priv/ceph with

Then copy the secret

The secret must be renamed to match your <STORAGE_ID>. Copying the secret generally requires root privileges. The file must only contain the secret key itself, as opposed to the rbd backend which also contains a [client.userid] section.

A secret can be received from the Ceph cluster (as Ceph admin) by issuing the command below, where userid is the client ID that has been configured to access the cluster. For further information on Ceph user management, see the Ceph docs [9].

If Ceph is installed locally on the PVE cluster, that is, it was set up using pveceph, this is done automatically.

The cephfs backend is a POSIX-compliant filesystem, on top of a Ceph cluster.

^[1] While no known bugs exist, snapshots are not yet guaranteed to be stable, as they lack sufficient testing.

This backend is configured similarly to the directory storage. Note that when adding a directory as a BTRFS storage, which is not itself also the mount point, it is highly recommended to specify the actual mount point via the is_mountpoint option.

For example, if a BTRFS file system is mounted at /mnt/data2 and its pve-storage/ subdirectory (which may be a snapshot, which is recommended) should be added as a storage pool called data2, you can use the following entry:

When taking a snapshot of a subvolume or raw file, the snapshot will be created as a read-only subvolume with the same path followed by an @ and the snapshot’s name.

In order to use the ZFS over iSCSI plugin you need to configure the remote machine (target) to accept ssh connections from the Proxmox VE node. Proxmox VE connects to the target for creating the ZVOLs and exporting them via iSCSI. Authentication is done through a ssh-key (without password protection) stored in /etc/pve/priv/zfs/<target_ip>_id_rsa

The following steps create a ssh-key and distribute it to the storage machine with IP 192.0.2.1:

The backend supports the common storage properties content, nodes, disable, and the following ZFS over ISCSI specific properties:

The ZFS over iSCSI plugin provides a shared storage, which is capable of snapshots. You need to make sure that the ZFS appliance does not become a single point of failure in your deployment.

With Proxmox VE you have the benefit of an easy to use installation wizard for Ceph. Click on one of your cluster nodes and navigate to the Ceph section in the menu tree. If Ceph is not already installed, you will see a prompt offering to do so.

The wizard is divided into multiple sections, where each needs to finish successfully, in order to use Ceph.

First you need to chose which Ceph version you want to install. Prefer the one from your other nodes, or the newest if this is the first node you install Ceph.

After starting the installation, the wizard will download and install all the required packages from Proxmox VE’s Ceph repository.

After finishing the installation step, you will need to create a configuration. This step is only needed once per cluster, as this configuration is distributed automatically to all remaining cluster members through Proxmox VE’s clustered configuration file system (pmxcfs).

The configuration step includes the following settings:

You have two more options which are considered advanced and therefore should only changed if you know what you are doing.

Additionally, you need to choose your first monitor node. This step is required.

That’s it. You should now see a success page as the last step, with further instructions on how to proceed. Your system is now ready to start using Ceph. To get started, you will need to create some additional monitors, OSDs and at least one pool.

The rest of this chapter will guide you through getting the most out of your Proxmox VE based Ceph setup. This includes the aforementioned tips and more, such as CephFS, which is a helpful addition to your new Ceph cluster.

Alternatively to the the recommended Proxmox VE Ceph installation wizard available in the web-interface, you can use the following CLI command on each node:

This sets up an apt package repository in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list and installs the required software.

Use the Proxmox VE Ceph installation wizard (recommended) or run the following command on one node:

This creates an initial configuration at /etc/pve/ceph.conf with a dedicated network for Ceph. This file is automatically distributed to all Proxmox VE nodes, using pmxcfs. The command also creates a symbolic link at /etc/ceph/ceph.conf, which points to that file. Thus, you can simply run Ceph commands without the need to specify a configuration file.

On each node where you want to place a monitor (three monitors are recommended), create one by using the Ceph → Monitor tab in the GUI or run:

To remove a Ceph Monitor via the GUI, first select a node in the tree view and go to the Ceph → Monitor panel. Select the MON and click the Destroy button.

To remove a Ceph Monitor via the CLI, first connect to the node on which the MON is running. Then execute the following command:

Multiple Managers can be installed, but only one Manager is active at any given time.

To remove a Ceph Manager via the GUI, first select a node in the tree view and go to the Ceph → Monitor panel. Select the Manager and click the Destroy button.

To remove a Ceph Monitor via the CLI, first connect to the node on which the Manager is running. Then execute the following command:

You can create an OSD either via the Proxmox VE web-interface or via the CLI using pveceph. For example:

If the disk was in use before (for example, for ZFS or as an OSD) you first need to zap all traces of that usage. To remove the partition table, boot sector and any other OSD leftover, you can use the following command:

Starting with the Ceph Kraken release, a new Ceph OSD storage type was introduced called Bluestore [16]. This is the default when creating OSDs since Ceph Luminous.

If you want to use a separate DB/WAL device for your OSDs, you can specify it through the -db_dev and -wal_dev options. The WAL is placed with the DB, if not specified separately.

You can directly choose the size of those with the -db_size and -wal_size parameters respectively. If they are not given, the following values (in order) will be used:

Before Ceph Luminous, Filestore was used as the default storage type for Ceph OSDs. Starting with Ceph Nautilus, Proxmox VE does not support creating such OSDs with pveceph anymore. If you still want to create filestore OSDs, use ceph-volume directly.

To remove an OSD via the GUI, first select a Proxmox VE node in the tree view and go to the Ceph → OSD panel. Then select the OSD to destroy and click the OUT button. Once the OSD status has changed from in to out, click the STOP button. Finally, after the status has changed from up to down, select Destroy from the More drop-down menu.

To remove an OSD via the CLI run the following commands.

The following command destroys the OSD. Specify the -cleanup option to additionally destroy the partition table.

You can create and edit pools from the command line or the web-interface of any Proxmox VE host under Ceph → Pools.

When no options are given, we set a default of 128 PGs, a size of 3 replicas and a min_size of 2 replicas, to ensure no data loss occurs if any OSD fails.

It is advised that you either enable the PG-Autoscaler or calculate the PG number based on your setup. You can find the formula and the PG calculator [17] online. From Ceph Nautilus onward, you can change the number of PGs [18] after the setup.

The PG autoscaler [19] can automatically scale the PG count for a pool in the background. Setting the Target Size or Target Ratio advanced parameters helps the PG-Autoscaler to make better decisions.